雪だるま · Page 1 of 5
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雪だるま(ゆきだるま、雪達磨)は、雪を固めて作られる「だるま」の(ような)形をした雪像。日本以外にも同様のものはあり、「雪人」または「雪男」(英・独・仏など)、「雪人形」(伊・蘭など)などを意味する名称で呼ばれている(日本語で「雪男」というときは、いわゆる「インドやアメリカの雪山に棲む未確認生物の巨人」を指すのが一般的である。これについては、イエティの項も参照されたい)。この項目では、西洋のものであっても、便宜上「雪だるま」と呼称を統一する。

歴史

雪で何らかの形の像を作ることは、雪の降る土地で慣例的に行われてきたと考えられるが、その始まりは明らかではない。古代から粘土や木や骨で(呪術目的だけでなく、遊具としての)人形が作られていたことを考えれば、雪の人形が早い時期から作られていたと想像するのは無理なことでない。しかし、雪という一過的な材料や、人形という遊戯的性格から、いつごろから作られていたのか知るのは困難である。

ハーグ王立図書館蔵の時祷書(1380年頃)には、欄外に雪だるまが描かれており、これが現在知られている最古の視覚史料であるという。

形状

現代の日本では、(江戸期の絵画とは異なり)雪玉を二段に重ねた形が主流である。大きめの玉を下段とし、上に小さめの玉をのせて頭とし、木炭などで眉・目・鼻・口などを形作る。頭には、帽子としてバケツをのせることもある。棒を二本、腕として下段の玉の左右に刺したり、また手袋やマフラーをつけることもある。

西洋のものは、三段のものが多い(二段も少なくなく、また三段以上のものある)。一番上の玉は頭で、目、鼻、口を付ける。

A snowman (*yukidaruma*) is a snow sculpture made by compacting snow into the shape of (or resembling) a *daruma* doll. Similar figures exist outside of Japan, where they are known by names meaning "snow person" or "snow man" (English, German, French, etc.) and "snow doll" (Italian, Dutch, etc.). (In Japanese, the term *yukiotoko* ["snow man"] generally refers to cryptid giants said to inhabit snowy mountains, such as those in the Himalayas or North America; for this, see also the entry on the Yeti.) In this article, for convenience, they are collectively referred to as "snowmen," even when discussing Western variants. History While crafting figures out of snow is thought to have been customary in snowy regions, its exact origins are unclear. Given that figurines have been crafted from clay, wood, and bone since ancient times—not only for magical or ritual purposes, but also as toys—it is easy to imagine that snow figures were also made from an early period. However, due to the ephemeral nature of snow as a material and the playful character of such figures, it is difficult to determine when people first began making them. A Book of Hours (c. 1380) in the collection of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague features a snowman drawn in the margin, which is said to be the earliest known visual record. Shape In modern Japan, unlike depictions in Edo-period paintings, the predominant form consists of two stacked snowballs. A larger ball serves as the base, with a smaller ball placed on top as the head, and features such as eyebrows, eyes, nose, and mouth are fashioned using items like charcoal. Sometimes, a bucket is placed on the head to serve as a hat. Two sticks may be inserted into the sides of the lower ball as arms, and items like gloves or a scarf are also sometimes added. Western snowmen typically consist of three tiers (though two-tiered ones are also common, and some have more than three). The top ball serves as the head, to which eyes, a nose, and a mouth are attached.

Vocabulary

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